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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2025

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation
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Can Islet Transplantation Possibly Reduce Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes.

Jeffrey S Isenberg1, Fouad Kandeel2

  • 1Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.

Cell Transplantation
|January 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Islet transplantation (IT) may improve overall survival for type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. Further multi-center studies are needed to confirm these survival benefits in patients undergoing IT.

Keywords:
clinical trialislet transplantationmortality

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Cell Therapy Research
  • Transplantation Science

Background:

  • Islet transplantation (IT) is an established cell therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  • Current understanding of IT benefits is largely confined to recipients and healthcare professionals.
  • Limited data exists on the impact of IT on overall survival in T1D patients.

Discussion:

  • Recent analyses suggest potential survival advantages associated with IT, both as a standalone procedure and combined with renal transplantation.
  • These findings challenge the perception of IT as solely a treatment for glycemic control.
  • The data indicates a need to re-evaluate the broader implications of IT for T1D management.

Key Insights:

  • Islet transplantation (IT) shows promise for enhancing overall survival in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  • Survival benefits may be observed when IT is performed independently or alongside kidney transplants.
  • This suggests a significant, yet underrecognized, impact of IT on long-term outcomes.

Outlook:

  • Prospective, multi-center studies are recommended to definitively establish the survival benefits of IT.
  • Long-term follow-up comparing IT recipients with eligible non-recipients is crucial.
  • Confirming survival benefits could reshape the clinical perspective and accessibility of IT for T1D.