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Examining the landscape transformation and temperature dynamics in Pakistan
Awais Ali1, Bilal Hussain2,3, Riaz Ul Hissan4
1Department of Geography, Government Graduate College Gojra, Toba Tek Singh, Gojra, Pakistan. awaisali43jb@gmail.com.
Scientific Reports
|January 20, 2025
Summary
This study analyzes landscape changes and temperature dynamics in Pakistan using spectral indices. It reveals significant land surface temperature fluctuations, particularly in forest areas, highlighting the complexity of these environmental factors.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Remote Sensing
- Geospatial Analysis
Background:
- Land surface temperature (LST) dynamics are influenced by landscape morphology and surface thermal properties.
- Understanding landscape transformation is crucial for assessing environmental changes and their impact on temperature.
- Pakistan's Mardan division presents a dynamic landscape requiring detailed analysis of its thermal characteristics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate landscape transformation and temperature dynamics in Mardan division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
- To identify changes in vegetation cover, water bodies, impervious surfaces, and LST over three decades (1993-2023).
- To explore the relationship between various spectral indices and LST to understand thermal behavior.
Main Methods:
- Utilized decadal remote sensing data from 1993-2023, with four temporal intervals.
- Employed Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform for data analysis.
- Calculated spectral indices: Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBI).
Main Results:
- Observed a range of land surface temperatures from 15.58°C to 43.71°C during the study period.
- Identified significant fluctuations in LST, especially within the cover and protective forests.
- Detected pronounced LST variations in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the study area.
Conclusions:
- Landscape transformation significantly impacts land surface temperature dynamics.
- Spectral indices are valuable tools for analyzing complex LST variations and landscape features.
- Further research is needed to fully understand the intricate relationships between LST and spectral indices in diverse environments.
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