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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

1.5K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Patch Clamp01:18

Patch Clamp

5.3K
Many fundamental cell functions such as muscle contraction and nerve transmission rely on the electrical signals produced by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions across the cell membrane. One competent method to record current flowing across the whole cell or single ion channel is the patch-clamp technique.
In this method, a glass micropipette containing electrolyte solution is tightly sealed against a small portion of the cell membrane. As a result, a patch of the cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2025

Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors
04:59

Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors

Published on: September 27, 2019

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Itch.

Lillian N Murphy1, Ellen A Lumpkin2, Diana M Bautista3

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|January 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Itch is a sensation mediated by specialized skin neurons. Recent research defines the molecules and cells involved in acute itch and chronic inflammatory itch.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Dermatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Itch, a common sensation, can arise from insect bites, poisonous plants, or skin diseases.
  • The itch-scratch cycle is a powerful phenomenon, often triggered by the mere thought or sight of scratching.
  • Specialized neurons in the skin are responsible for mediating the sensation of itch.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of acute itch.
  • To explore the pathways that promote chronic itch, particularly in the context of inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • This primer synthesizes current research findings.
  • Focuses on identifying key molecules and cellular players involved in itch signaling.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have identified specific molecules and cell types that mediate acute itch sensations.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for addressing chronic itch conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in neuroscience and dermatology are clarifying the complex mechanisms of itch.
  • This knowledge is paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies for various itch-inducing conditions.