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Cohesion

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2025

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Published on: April 13, 2011

Improving propulsive efficiency using bio-inspired intermittent locomotion.

Tristan Aurégan^1,2, Mathilde Lemoine¹, Benjamin Thiria¹

¹Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, CNRS ESPCI PSL Research University, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

|January 21, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that intermittent, or burst-and-coast, propulsion saves energy in propellers, similar to fish. A folding propeller design is key to achieving significant energy savings up to 24%.

Keywords:

burst and coast fluid–structure interactions propulsion

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Area of Science:

Biomimetic propulsion
Fluid dynamics
Robotics

Background:

Many aquatic animals use intermittent "burst and coast" locomotion for energy efficiency.
Continuous swimming is typical for larger species, while smaller ones often use intermittent strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate energy savings of intermittent propulsion inspired by fish locomotion.
To compare energy consumption of burst-and-coast cycles versus continuous rotation for propellers.

Main Methods:

Developed a folding propeller that passively opens and closes with rotation.
Measured energy consumption of the reconfigurable propeller in burst-and-coast and continuous modes.
Compared experimental data with an analytical model.

Main Results:

Intermittent propulsion with a folding propeller saved up to 24% of energy compared to continuous rotation.
A substantial drag ratio between active and passive phases is critical for energy savings.
Intermittent motion is more efficient when drag reduction in the coast phase exceeds 65%.

Conclusions:

A reconfigurable propeller can achieve energy savings through intermittent propulsion.
The critical drag reduction threshold for efficiency differs between propeller systems and fish locomotion.
A formal analogy helps explain differences between propeller and fish propulsion mechanisms.