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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Olfactory Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents-A Diagnostic Pathway.

Janine Gellrich1, Elisabeth C Lohrer1,2, Thomas Hummel3

  • 1Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

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Children can experience olfactory disorders, impacting their quality of life. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial, though specific pediatric guidelines are lacking, necessitating a structured approach to diagnosis and management.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric healthcare
  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Olfactory disorders are underrecognized in pediatric care, despite significant quality of life impacts.
  • Congenital causes are prevalent in children, contrasting with acquired causes in adults.
  • Lack of awareness leads to delayed diagnoses, often after multiple medical consultations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence, causes, and diagnostic strategies for olfactory disorders in children.
  • To highlight the importance of a structured diagnostic pathway for pediatric olfactory dysfunction.
  • To discuss current therapeutic options, including counseling and olfactory training.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of existing literature on pediatric olfactory disorders.
  • Emphasis on structured diagnostic approach including medical history and psychophysical olfactory testing.
  • Integration of specific examinations based on suspected underlying causes.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory disorders significantly affect children's quality of life.
  • Congenital etiologies are the primary drivers of olfactory dysfunction in pediatric populations.
  • A systematic diagnostic process is essential for accurate identification.

Conclusions:

  • There is a need for increased awareness and specific diagnostic recommendations for olfactory disorders in children.
  • Structured diagnostic protocols are fundamental for timely and accurate diagnosis.
  • Management primarily involves patient counseling and olfactory training, with limited pharmacological options.