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The effect of consuming bread contaminated with heavy metals on cardiovascular disease and calculating its risk
Kambiz Ahmadi Angali1, Majid Farhadi2, Abdolkazem Neisi3
1Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Insights
Consumption of bread contaminated with heavy metals like arsenic and cadmium is significantly linked to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence. Bread acts as a key mediator, highlighting the importance of monitoring food safety for public health.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology
- Food Safety
Background:
- Heavy metals (HMs) can induce oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
- Understanding the role of dietary factors, such as bread consumption, in HM exposure and CVD risk is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the association between heavy metal contamination in bread and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
- To investigate the mediating role of bread consumption in the relationship between heavy metals and CVD.
Main Methods:
- Utilized clinical data from the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study for cardiovascular cases.
- Employed seven machine-learning techniques to analyze the association between CVD and heavy metals.
- Assessed heavy metal intake (Arsenic - As, Cadmium - Cd, Chromium - Cr, Lead - Pb) and associated risks.
Main Results:
- Bread consumption contaminated with chromium, cadmium, and arsenic showed significant positive associations with cardiovascular incidence.
- Each unit increase in bread consumption correlated with increased As and Cd intake and elevated CVD incidence (OR = 1.1190 for As, OR = 1.1197 for Cd).
- Bread contained As, Cd, Cr, and Pb levels exceeding WHO limits, but cancer risks were below the acceptable threshold.
Conclusions:
- Bread serves as a significant mediating factor in the pathway between heavy metal exposure and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
- Dietary intake of contaminated bread poses a risk for cardiovascular health, underscoring the need for stringent food safety regulations.
Abstract:
Heavy metals (HMs) may cause the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which results in oxidative stress and eventually leads to an increase in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The Hoveyzeh Cohort Study Center provided clinical data for cardiovascular cases. The collection of samples was done randomly. The association between CVD and HMs has been evaluated utilizing seven machine-learning techniques. The results showed that the effect coefficient (β) of bread consumption in the incidence of heart disease is 4.6908 × 10-02. Consumption of bread contaminated with chromium (P value < 0.0217), cadmium (P value < 2.95 × 10-6) and arsenic (P value < 1.15 × 10-07) is significantly related to cardiovascular incidence. Each unit of bread consumption increases As intake by 0.494 (β = 4.940 × 10-01) and CVD incidence by 11.9% (OR = 1.1190). Bread consumption increases Cd intake by 0.479 (β = 4.799 × 10-1) and cardiovascular disease incidence by 11.97% (OR = 1.1197) per unit. The findings indicated that bread intake in the study region is not correlated with non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risks, since the cancer risk and incremental lifetime cancer risk for both groups were below 1*10^-6. In the present investigation, bread had HMs included As, Cd, Cr, and Pb higher than the limit declared by WHO. The results of the present study showed that bread is a mediating factor (between HMs and the incidence of CVD).
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