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Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Feedback Inhibition00:46

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Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Bioequivalence: Overview01:16

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Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Reviewers side.

Bipin Chaurasia1

  • 1Neurosurgery Clinic.

Turkish Neurosurgery
|January 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientific publishing primarily benefits journals, not researchers or reviewers. Authors face publication fees and must purchase their own articles, while reviewers are unpaid for their crucial work.

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Area of Science:

  • Scholarly Publishing
  • Scientific Communication
  • Academic Economics

Background:

  • The current scientific publishing model is criticized for prioritizing journal profits over researcher contributions.
  • Authors and peer reviewers, who are essential to the publication process, often bear significant financial or time costs without adequate compensation.
  • This system raises concerns about equity and sustainability within academic research dissemination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze the economic structure of scientific journal publishing.
  • To highlight the financial burdens placed on authors and the lack of compensation for peer reviewers.
  • To question the fairness and sustainability of the prevailing academic publishing business model.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the financial flows within the scientific publishing industry.
  • Examination of author-facing charges, such as article processing charges (APCs).
  • Review of the uncompensated labor involved in the peer review process.

Main Results:

  • Scientific journals generate substantial profits by leveraging the unpaid labor of authors and reviewers.
  • Authors incur costs through article processing charges or by purchasing access to their own published work.
  • Peer reviewers dedicate significant time to manuscript evaluation and improvement without remuneration or even complimentary access to the final publication.

Conclusions:

  • The existing scientific publishing system disproportionately benefits journal publishers at the expense of researchers and reviewers.
  • There is a need to re-evaluate the economic model of scientific publishing to ensure fairer compensation and recognition for all stakeholders.
  • Alternative or reformed publishing models should be explored to promote equitable and sustainable scientific communication.