From biofilms to biocatalysts: Innovations in plastic biodegradation for environmental sustainability

The increase in plastic waste has evolved into a severe environmental crisis, which requires innovative recycling technologies to repurpose used plastic with adequate environmental protection. This review highlights the urgent need for innovative approaches to the treatment and degradation of post-use plastics. It investigates the promising role of biofilms in the biodegradation of polymers, especially for polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PU), and polyethylene (PE). By examining biofilms, researchers can determine key enzymes involved in polymer degradation and improve their efficiency through genetic engineering. In addition, the review explores in detail the structure and development of biofilms on polymeric surfaces, elucidating the role of specific microbial strains necessary for biofilm formation and maintenance. Techniques for identifying enzymes within biofilms and improving their degradation ability are also discussed. The review concludes with recent discoveries in enzyme isolation and the key role of biofilms in the degradation and recycling of major plastic pollutants such as PET, PU, and PE. These findings highlight the potential of biofilm-derived enzymes to promote sustainable polymer recycling.