Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 31, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
Published on: October 16, 2013
The regulation of glutamatergic nervous system in sleep-wake states and general anesthesia
Wei Luo1, Meiyi Duan1, Enpeng Liang1
1Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
Abstract:
The sleep-wake states and general anesthesia share many neurophysiological similarities, as both involve reversible changes in consciousness and modulation of brain activity. This paper reviews the role of glutamatergic neurons, the brain's primary excitatory neurons, in regulating sleep-wake states and general anesthesia. We discuss the involvement of glutamatergic neurons across various brain regions, including the brainstem, basal forebrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex, highlighting their contributions to physiological sleep-wake and anesthesia modulation. Recent advancements in techniques such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and neural tracing have enhanced our understanding of these neurons' functions. Understanding these mechanisms can lead to improved therapeutic strategies for sleep disorders and more precise anesthetic practices, providing new avenues for clinical intervention.
Related Concept Videos
General Anesthesia: Overview
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Stages of General Anesthesia
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists
Understanding Sleep
The circadian rhythm, a nearly 24-hour cycle, is deeply influenced by environmental light cues. Light exposure directly affects the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates...

