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Related Concept Videos

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
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Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
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Classification of Illness01:17

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2025

Use of the EpiAirway Model for Characterizing Long-term Host-pathogen Interactions
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Lessons Learned From Characterizing Long COVID Among US Medicare Beneficiaries.

Yun Lu1, Arnstein Lindaas2, Hector S Izurieta1

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Long COVID affects older adults, with higher diagnosis rates in nursing homes. Risk factors for long COVID appear similar across demographic groups after initial infection.

Keywords:
Medicare beneficiariesclaims datalong COVIDpost‐COVID conditions

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • COVID-19 has demonstrated a significant impact on older adults, necessitating an understanding of its long-term health consequences.
  • Post-COVID conditions represent a growing concern, particularly within vulnerable populations such as the elderly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the long-term effects of COVID-19 in older adults (aged 65 years and above).
  • To analyze the incidence and demographic factors associated with post-COVID condition diagnoses in Medicare beneficiaries.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective descriptive study utilizing Medicare Fee-for-Service claims data.
  • Analysis of post-COVID condition diagnosis code usage (ICD-10-CM codes U09.9 and B94.8).
  • Inclusion of patient demographics, concurrent diagnoses, and incidence of long COVID (≥28 days post-COVID-19 diagnosis).

Main Results:

  • Approximately 194,000 post-COVID condition diagnoses were identified among over 31 million Medicare beneficiaries.
  • Higher post-COVID condition diagnosis rates were observed in nursing home residents compared to community-dwelling beneficiaries.
  • Among community-dwelling individuals diagnosed with post-COVID conditions, 17.5% lacked a prior COVID-19 diagnosis code.

Conclusions:

  • Nursing home residents face a substantial burden of post-COVID conditions, indicating higher vulnerability.
  • Differences in healthcare-seeking behaviors may exist between community-dwelling and nursing home populations, potentially affecting COVID-19 severity and respiratory disease detection.
  • The risk of developing long COVID following a COVID-19 infection appears consistent across various demographic groups.