Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

ABC Transporters: Importer

2.7K
ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
In bacteria, based on the number of transmembrane helices and the chemical nature of their substrates, the ABC importers can be divided into three types:
2.7K
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

6.0K
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
6.0K
Structure of Porins01:21

Structure of Porins

2.9K
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
2.9K
Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria01:29

Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria

3.3K
Bacterial cells were initially considered simple, randomly organized structures lacking a cytoskeleton. However, the discovery of cytoskeleton homologs in bacteria led to the change of this opinion. Bacterial cytoskeletal filaments regulate the cell shape, cell polarity, cell division, and partitioning of plasmids during cell division. It was later discovered that bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, mainly actin and tubulin homologs, are diverse compared to their eukaryotic counterparts. On the...
3.3K
GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:29

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

4.0K
GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
GPI-anchor structure
A sequence of 11 enzymatic reactions results in the synthesis of the complete GPI anchor consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic portion. The hydrophobic portion comprises phosphatidylinositol, while the hydrophilic part comprises polar groups like phosphoethanolamine,...
4.0K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.4K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

AI-Driven Design and Clinical Translation of Nucleotide-Peptide and Peptide-Drug Conjugates.

ACS biomaterials science & engineering·2026
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of Inhalational Insulin Compared With Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Clinical therapeutics·2026
Same author

Fragment, Entangle, and Consolidate: Strong Correlation through Bifold Quantum Circuits.

Journal of chemical theory and computation·2026
Same author

A platinum butterfly effect: small changes turn an anticancer drug into a non-toxic metalloantibiotic with in vivo efficacy.

npj antimicrobials and resistance·2026
Same author

Programmable Peptide Nanofibers Enable Effective MRSA Biofilm Eradication and Infection Control.

ACS applied bio materials·2026
Same author

Resource Estimation for VQE on Small Molecules: Impact of Fermion Mappings and Hamiltonian Reductions.

Journal of computational chemistry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2025

Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing
08:19

Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing

Published on: July 7, 2020

10.2K

Tackling the outer membrane: facilitating compound entry into Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.

Deepanshi Saxena1, Rahul Maitra1, Rakhi Bormon2

  • 1Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.

Npj Antimicrobials and Resistance
|January 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing new antibiotics is crucial due to rising resistance. This review explores strategies to overcome the Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane barrier, essential for novel antibiotic development.

More Related Videos

Functional Complementation Analysis FCA: A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways
09:27

Functional Complementation Analysis FCA: A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways

Published on: June 24, 2016

17.6K
Separation of the Cell Envelope for Gram-negative Bacteria into Inner and Outer Membrane Fractions with Technical Adjustments for Acinetobacter baumannii
10:24

Separation of the Cell Envelope for Gram-negative Bacteria into Inner and Outer Membrane Fractions with Technical Adjustments for Acinetobacter baumannii

Published on: April 10, 2020

13.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2025

Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing
08:19

Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing

Published on: July 7, 2020

10.2K
Functional Complementation Analysis FCA: A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways
09:27

Functional Complementation Analysis FCA: A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways

Published on: June 24, 2016

17.6K
Separation of the Cell Envelope for Gram-negative Bacteria into Inner and Outer Membrane Fractions with Technical Adjustments for Acinetobacter baumannii
10:24

Separation of the Cell Envelope for Gram-negative Bacteria into Inner and Outer Membrane Fractions with Technical Adjustments for Acinetobacter baumannii

Published on: April 10, 2020

13.2K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat, necessitating novel therapeutic agents.
  • Gram-negative bacteria possess a unique outer membrane that acts as a barrier, limiting antibiotic efficacy.
  • Current antibiotics primarily target Gram-positive bacteria, leaving a gap in treating Gram-negative infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review physicochemical properties that enhance compound entry into Gram-negative bacteria.
  • To explore strategies for overcoming the Gram-negative outer membrane barrier.
  • To facilitate the development of new antibiotics effective against Gram-negative pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of physicochemical properties influencing compound permeability.
  • Analysis of various strategies targeting or bypassing the Gram-negative outer membrane.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on Gram-negative bacterial entry mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Certain physicochemical properties can improve antibiotic accumulation in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Multiple strategies exist to enhance drug delivery across the outer membrane.
  • Understanding these properties and strategies is key to designing effective Gram-negative antibiotics.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming the Gram-negative outer membrane is critical for developing new antibiotics.
  • Targeting or bypassing this barrier requires a multifaceted approach.
  • This review provides a foundation for future research in Gram-negative antibacterial drug discovery.