Advances in integrated power supplies for self-powered bioelectronic devices

Bioelectronic devices with medical functions have attracted widespread attention in recent years. Power supplies are crucial components in these devices, which ensure their stable operation. Biomedical devices that utilize external power supplies and extended electrical wires limit patient mobility and increase the risk of discomfort and infection. To address these issues, self-powered devices with integrated power supplies have emerged, including triboelectric nanogenerators, piezoelectric nanogenerators, thermoelectric generators, batteries, biofuel cells, solar cells, wireless power transfer, and hybrid energy systems. This mini-review highlights the recent advances in the power supplies utilized in these self-powered devices. A concluding section discusses the subsisting challenges and future perspectives in integrated power supply technologies and design and manufacturing of self-powered devices.