Exploring sesquiterpene lactones: structural diversity and antiviral therapeutic insights

Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are a structurally diverse group of secondary metabolites primarily produced by plants, particularly within the Asteraceae family. These compounds play significant roles in plant defense and have been extensively studied for their wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This review focuses on the biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones, with an emphasis on their antiviral potential. SLs exert their antiviral effects by targeting viral entry, replication, and other critical stages of the viral life cycle. Notable examples include guaianolides and germacranolides, which have demonstrated promising activity against viruses such as hepatitis C, influenza, and herpes simplex. This review also emphasizes the potential of sesquiterpene lactones as promising scaffolds for antiviral drug development, positioning these compounds as key candidates in combating viral infections.