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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

6.3K
The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2025

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Common Condition With an Uncommon Location.

Carolina Monteiro Antunes1, Maria Leonor Guia Lopes1, Francisco Sousa Santos1

  • 1Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Egas Moniz - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, PRT.

Cureus
|January 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Ectopic parathyroid adenomas, rare causes of primary hyperparathyroidism, present diagnostic challenges. This case shows how multi-modality imaging successfully located an ectopic adenoma, enabling effective parathyroidectomy and normalizing calcium levels.

Keywords:
ectopic hyperparathyroidismectopic parathyroid adenomahypercalcemiaparathyroidectomyprimary hyperthyroidism

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Related Experiment Videos

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Nuclear Medicine

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder caused by excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, often due to parathyroid adenomas.
  • Ectopic parathyroid adenomas, though rare, can complicate diagnosis and treatment, leading to persistent hypercalcemia and recurrent disease after surgery.

Observation:

  • A 73-year-old woman with hypercalcemia due to PHPT had a negative cervical ultrasound.
  • A technetium (Tc)-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) scan revealed an MIBI-avid focus in the posterior cervical region, suggesting an ectopic adenoma.
  • A four-dimensional CT scan identified a retro-esophageal lesion, further confirmed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration.

Findings:

  • Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy was performed based on the comprehensive imaging findings.
  • Intraoperative PTH levels decreased significantly, and postoperative calcium levels normalized.
  • The patient remained disease-free with normalized calcium levels six months post-surgery.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the critical role of advanced imaging techniques, including MIBI scans and 4D CT, in locating ectopic parathyroid adenomas.
  • Accurate localization is essential to avoid diagnostic delays, prevent suboptimal surgical interventions, and achieve successful treatment outcomes for PHPT.
  • A systematic diagnostic approach improves patient management and reduces the likelihood of recurrent hypercalcemia.