Recent advances in the nitrogen cycle involving actinomycetes: Current situation, prospect and challenge

Actinomycetes are essential for sustaining the ecosystem's nitrogen balance and stimulating plant development. In contrast, existing detection and culture techniques for actinomycetes are still limited, making it difficult to fully assess their role in the nitrogen cycle. This review emphasized the advantages of actinomycetes in ecological restoration, outlined the current status and challenges of research on nitrogen cycling by actinomycetes. Special attention was paid to the metabolic pathways and related gene regulatory mechanisms of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, and ammonium assimilation processes. The limitations and strategies of actinomycetes nitrogen metabolic pathways were revealed. In addition, the involvement of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus in the nitrogen cycle of actinomycetes was pointed out. The aim of the review is to improve our understanding of the function of actinomycetes in the nitrogen cycle, which is crucial for enhancing wastewater treatment, ecological preservation, and agricultural output.