Myofascial System and Physical Exercise: A Narrative Review on Stiffening (Part II)

In the past two decades, interest in the fascial system has exponentially increased, particularly manual treatment and stretching exercises. The fascia's fundamental role remains the transmission of tensions, although this function can be impaired due to excessive or reduced stiffness. This second part of the work outlines the basic principles concerning the importance of appropriate and balanced fascial stiffness for correct postural and functional maintenance of the human body. Additionally, the limited studies available in the literature are reviewed, with a focus on therapeutic exercises aimed at increasing fascial system stiffness. The article addresses how fascia develops the ability to contract to maintain a physiological tension referred to as human resting myofascial tone. Additionally, it discusses the most recognized tools for assessing fascial tension: myotonometry and shear wave elastography. The final section is dedicated to presenting the current literature on the relationship between physical exercise and fascial stiffness.