Transcription factor specificity protein (SP) family in renal physiology and diseases

Dysregulated specificity proteins (SPs), members of the C2H2 zinc-finger family, are crucial transcription factors (TFs) with implications for renal physiology and diseases. This comprehensive review focuses on the role of SP family members, particularly SP1 and SP3, in renal physiology and pathology. A detailed analysis of their expression and cellular localization in the healthy human kidney is presented, highlighting their involvement in fatty acid metabolism, electrolyte regulation, and the synthesis of important molecules. The review also delves into the diverse roles of SPs in various renal diseases, including renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetic nephropathy, renal interstitial fibrosis, and lupus nephritis, elucidating their molecular mechanisms and potential as therapeutic targets. The review further discusses pharmacological modulation of SPs and its implications for treatment. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of SPs in renal health and disease, offering new avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions and precision medicine in nephrology.