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Fault Types

Fault Types

When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
For line-to-line faults occurring between phases B and C, the...

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Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

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Published on: September 23, 2018

Defect Migration and Phase Transformations in Two-Dimensional Iron Chloride inside Bilayer Graphene.

Qiunan Liu¹, Haiming Sun¹, Yung-Chang Lin^1,2

¹The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR-SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.

|January 24, 2025

Summary

Atomic-scale defects in iron chlorides intercalated into bilayer graphene influence phase transformations. Understanding these defects is key to advancing 2D materials for technological applications.

Keywords:

STEM bilayer graphene intercalation iron chloride phase transformation

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Published on: October 5, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Intercalation of metal chlorides, especially iron chlorides, into graphitic carbon structures modifies magnetic, electronic, and optical properties.
Structural defects arising from intercalation or external stimuli can significantly impact material performance.
The role of atomic-scale defects in these systems has been underexplored experimentally.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the behavior of atomic-scale defects in iron chlorides intercalated into bilayer graphene.
To elucidate the role of these defects in phase transformations between different iron chloride phases.
To characterize novel crystalline phases and their formation mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) for atomic-scale defect imaging.
First-principles calculations to model defect behavior and phase stability.
Analysis of defect dynamics and their influence on material properties.

Main Results:

Identified three types of defects: Fe vacancies in FeCl2 domains, and Fe adatoms and interstitials in FeCl3 domains.
Observed dynamic transformations between FeCl2 and FeCl3 phases, driven by defect behavior.
Discovered a previously unreported crystalline phase with Fe5Cl18 stoichiometry.

Conclusions:

Atomic-scale defects play a crucial role in the intercalation mechanism of 2D materials.
Defect behavior profoundly impacts the properties and potential applications of intercalated systems.
Findings advance the understanding of defect-driven phenomena in layered materials.