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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Updated: May 31, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants &#8212; Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests

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Persistent Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction and Its Association with Autonomic Nervous System Function: A

Lojine Ayoub1,2, Abeer F Almarzouki2, Rajaa Al-Raddadi3

  • 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh Branch, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia.

Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-COVID-19 patients frequently experience smell and taste dysfunction, potentially linked to autonomic issues. Further research is needed to understand persistent olfactory and autonomic problems after infection.

Keywords:
autonomic dysfunctionpost-COVID-19subjective and objective smell tests

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to reported persistent smell and taste dysfunction in many patients.
  • Olfactory and gustatory deficits are common sequelae of COVID-19, impacting quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in individuals with a history of COVID-19.
  • To investigate the association between post-COVID-19 olfactory/gustatory dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, and disability.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study compared 82 COVID-19 patients with 82 controls.
  • Olfactory dysfunction (including parosmia) and taste problems were assessed via self-report and the Quick Smell Identification Test (QSIT).
  • Autonomic function was evaluated using the Composite Autonomic Symptom Scale-31 (COMPASS-31).

Main Results:

  • The post-COVID-19 group showed significantly higher rates of smell (26.8%) and taste (14.6%) dysfunction compared to controls.
  • Post-COVID-19 patients reported substantially more smell (36.6x) and taste (8.22x) issues.
  • Secretomotor dysfunction correlated significantly with abnormal QSIT and parosmia scores, suggesting a link between autonomic and olfactory dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • A potential association exists between autonomic dysfunction and persistent olfactory deficits following COVID-19.
  • Further research is required to clarify the mechanisms behind these persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms.