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Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Electromotive Force02:36

Electromotive Force

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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one...
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The Nernst Equation02:59

The Nernst Equation

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Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.
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Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

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The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
397
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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The Resting Membrane Potential01:21

The Resting Membrane Potential

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Overview
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Updated: May 31, 2025

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Entropy Production in an Electro-Membrane Process at Underlimiting Currents-Influence of Temperature.

Juan Carlos Maroto1,2, Sagrario Muñoz3, Vicenta María Barragán3

  • 1Department of Electronics, Automation, and Communications, Comillas Pontifical University, 28049 Madrid, Spain.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 24, 2025
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Summary

Investigating entropy production in cation-exchange membrane systems reveals energy conversion. Higher electric current and temperature enhance the system

Keywords:
cation-exchange membraneconcentration polarizationcurrent–voltage curvediffusion boundary layersentropy productionlimiting currentsaline concentration gradient

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Membrane Science

Background:

  • Polarization phenomena in cation-exchange membranes are crucial for understanding ion transport.
  • The underlimiting regime describes specific electrical behavior in membrane systems.
  • Entropy production quantifies irreversibility and energy dissipation in thermodynamic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate entropy production during polarization in a single cation-exchange membrane system.
  • To analyze the energy conversion efficiency of the electro-membrane process.
  • To determine the influence of temperature and electric current on entropy generation and efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current-voltage curves within the 3-40 °C temperature range.
  • Application of classical polarization theory and irreversible thermodynamics.
  • Estimation of entropy generation by considering contributions from different system parts.

Main Results:

  • Electric power input is dissipated as heat through ion migration and diffusion.
  • A portion of electric power is converted into chemical energy stored in concentration gradients.
  • System efficiency, defined as stored power to input power ratio, increases with applied electric current and temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The electro-membrane system functions as an energy converter, with efficiency dependent on operating conditions.
  • Understanding entropy production is key to optimizing energy conversion in ion-exchange membrane processes.
  • Increased current and temperature positively impact the energy conversion efficiency of the studied system.