Search research articles

Related Concept Videos

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, which thus serves as the speed limit of the universe.
This has been verified in many experiments. However, space and time are no longer absolute. Two observers moving relative to one another do not agree on the length of objects or the passage of time. The mechanics of objects based on Newton's laws of...

Principle of Equivalence

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for example, diving towards the Earth from an airplane, they would feel completely weightless. Similarly, a person descending in a lift may feel partially weightless. Broadly speaking, it is assumed that an object in a uniform gravitational field and an object undergoing constant acceleration in the absence of gravity are under the same...

Gauss's Law

Gauss's Law

If a closed surface does not have any charge inside where an electric field line can terminate, then the electric field line entering the surface at one point must necessarily exit at some other point of the surface. Therefore, if a closed surface does not have any charges inside the enclosed volume, then the electric flux through the surface is zero. What happens to the electric flux if there are some charges inside the enclosed volume? Gauss's law gives a quantitative answer to this question.

Reynolds Transport Theorem

Reynolds Transport Theorem

The Reynolds transport theorem provides a framework to relate the time rate of change of an extensive property within a system to that in a control volume, which is crucial for analyzing fluid dynamics. Extensive properties, such as mass, velocity, acceleration, temperature, and momentum, can be expressed in terms of the mass of a fluid portion. These properties are called extensive because they depend on the system's size, while intensive properties are their corresponding values per unit...

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
All thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials. Therefore, their second-order...

Gibbs Free Energy

Gibbs Free Energy

One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Reversible Evaporation and the Entropy of Black Holes.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Which Physical Quantity Deserves the Name "Quantity of Heat"?

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2021

See all related articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2025

Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Single Molecules for Characterizing Local Flexibility in Biomolecules

Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Single Molecules for Characterizing Local Flexibility in Biomolecules

Published on: April 25, 2025

The Gibbs Fundamental Relation as a Tool for Relativity.

Friedrich Herrmann¹, Michael Pohlig¹

¹Faculty of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 24, 2025

Summary

This study reveals that thermodynamic and chemical quantities, like temperature and chemical potential, transform during reference frame changes in relativistic physics. Key energy conjugate quantities, entropy and amount of substance, remain Lorentz-invariant.

Keywords:

Gibbs fundamental relation chemical potential entropy relativistic thermodynamics

More Related Videos

Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions

Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions

Published on: January 30, 2018

Oligomerization Dynamics of Cell Surface Receptors in Living Cells by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Combined with Number and Brightness Analysis

Oligomerization Dynamics of Cell Surface Receptors in Living Cells by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Combined with Number and Brightness Analysis

Published on: November 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2025

Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Single Molecules for Characterizing Local Flexibility in Biomolecules

Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Single Molecules for Characterizing Local Flexibility in Biomolecules

Published on: April 25, 2025

Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions

Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions

Published on: January 30, 2018

Oligomerization Dynamics of Cell Surface Receptors in Living Cells by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Combined with Number and Brightness Analysis

Oligomerization Dynamics of Cell Surface Receptors in Living Cells by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Combined with Number and Brightness Analysis

Published on: November 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Relativistic physics
Thermodynamics
Chemical physics

Background:

Standard relativistic physics lectures focus on mechanical and electromagnetic quantity transformations.
Thermodynamic and chemical quantities also undergo transformations during reference frame changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the transformation of thermodynamic and chemical quantities under relativistic conditions.
To demonstrate a straightforward method for deriving transformation equations for these quantities.
To highlight the Lorentz-invariance of specific energy conjugate extensive quantities.

Main Methods:

Analysis of relativistic transformations applied to thermodynamic and chemical potentials.
Derivation of transformation equations for temperature and chemical potential.
Examination of the invariance of entropy and amount of substance.

Main Results:

Established transformation equations for temperature and chemical potential in relativistic frames.
Confirmed that entropy and amount of substance are Lorentz-invariant.
Provided a simplified approach to deriving these relativistic transformations.

Conclusions:

Relativistic effects extend beyond mechanical and electromagnetic properties to thermodynamic and chemical domains.
The Lorentz-invariance of entropy and amount of substance offers a significant simplification in relativistic thermodynamics and chemistry.
This work facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of relativistic physics.