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Related Concept Videos

Dehydration Synthesis01:15

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.Synthesis of carbohydratesSugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from one reactant...
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Hydrolysis

Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
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Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
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Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

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Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
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Development of Extrudable Hydrogels Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Gelatin Complex Coacervates.

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This study explores carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-gelatin coacervates for 3D printing. Optimized ratios and pH enhance printability, showing potential for precise material deposition in advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Complex coacervates are formed through electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged polymers.
  • Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gelatin are biocompatible polymers with potential in various applications.
  • 3D printing requires materials with specific rheological and mechanical properties for successful fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the 3D extrusion printing of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-gelatin complex coacervate hydrogels.
  • To characterize the influence of CMC-gelatin ratio, pH, and biopolymer concentration on coacervation and printability.
  • To evaluate the rheological properties, tackiness, and print quality of the developed hydrogel system.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation and analysis of various CMC-gelatin coacervate hydrogels.
  • Turbidity measurements to determine optimal coacervation pH range.
  • Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for structural analysis.
  • Rheological characterization including shear viscosity and shear recovery.
  • 3D extrusion printing trials at controlled temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Optimal coacervation occurred between pH 3.7 and 5.6, confirmed by turbidity and microscopy.
  • CMC-gelatin hydrogels exhibited pseudoplastic behavior with decreased viscosity at higher coacervation.
  • Coacervates showed significantly lower tackiness (1-15 N) compared to pure gelatin hydrogels (29 N).
  • The 1:15 CMC-gelatin ratio demonstrated excellent shear recovery and consistent 3D printing quality.
  • Successful extrusion was achieved for all samples, with the 1:15 ratio at 6% biopolymer concentration showing optimal results.

Conclusions:

  • The CMC-gelatin coacervate system is a promising biomaterial for 3D extrusion printing.
  • Material properties like viscosity, tackiness, and printability can be tuned by adjusting the CMC-gelatin ratio and pH.
  • This system offers potential for applications requiring precise deposition and tunable material characteristics.