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Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case-Control Study
Liyan Zhu1, Ying Han1, Jiahai Lu2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
1Department of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China.
Vaccines
|January 24, 2025
Summary
The influenza vaccine demonstrated 37% effectiveness in protecting children over three seasons. Vaccine effectiveness decreased with longer intervals post-vaccination, highlighting the need for timely annual influenza immunization.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases
- Vaccinology
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Influenza virus's rapid mutation necessitates annual vaccine reformulation and evaluation.
- Consistent assessment of vaccine effectiveness (VE) is crucial for public health strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in children.
- To analyze the impact of age, seasonal variations, and vaccination-to-sample collection interval on VE.
Main Methods:
- Test-negative case-control (TNCC) design utilized for data collection.
- Study included pediatric patients (<18 years) with acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms.
- Data collected from October 2021 to January 2024 across three influenza seasons.
Main Results:
- Overall VE against all influenza viruses was 37% (95% CI: 31-43).
- Lowest VE (24%) observed during the 2021-2022 season.
- VE in children aged 0.5 to <3 years was 32% (95% CI: 19-43).
- Effectiveness decreased with longer intervals post-vaccination: 39% (0.5-2 months), 30% (3-6 months), and 28% (>6 months).
Conclusions:
- Influenza vaccination provided at least one-third protection in vaccinated children in outpatient settings.
- Children are a high-risk group, emphasizing improved vaccination management.
- Encouraging annual vaccination before each influenza season is recommended for parents.
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