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Assessing Pollution with Heavy Metals and Its Impact on Population Health.

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Heavy metal pollution poses environmental risks. Advanced statistical methods like PCA and FA identified key pollutants, while Hazard Index (HI) indicated low non-carcinogenic risk, though continuous monitoring is advised at certain sites.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Pollution is a critical global issue impacting populations and environments.
  • Identifying high-risk zones for pollution requires robust analytical methods.
  • Heavy metal contamination is a significant environmental concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze heavy metal concentrations and assess non-carcinogenic risks in studied zones.
  • To apply dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques for pollution data.
  • To determine the necessity of stringent pollution control measures.

Main Methods:

  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis (FA), and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for data analysis.
  • Calculation of Hazard Quotient (HQ) for ingestion and inhalation.
  • Assessment of Hazard Index (HI) to determine non-carcinogenic risk levels.

Main Results:

  • Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), and Chromium (Cr) were the most concentrated heavy metals.
  • PCA highlighted Fe and Zn as major contributors to the first principal component.
  • Factor analysis confirmed a three-factor model's adequacy, with strong associations for Zn, Cr, and Cobalt (Co).
  • Hazard Quotient for ingestion was highest for Fe, and for inhalation, it was highest for Mn.
  • Hazard Index values ranged from 0.172 to 0.573, generally indicating no non-carcinogenic risk, but exceeding 0.5 at four locations.

Conclusions:

  • While overall non-carcinogenic risk is low, elevated Hazard Index values at specific sites necessitate ongoing pollution monitoring.
  • The study demonstrates the utility of PCA, FA, and t-SNE in analyzing complex heavy metal pollution data.
  • Targeted pollution control measures may be required in identified high-risk areas.