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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

39.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Pressure-driven phase transformations on Mg3Ca(CO3)4 huntite carbonate.

David Santamaría-Pérez1, Raquel Chuliá-Jordán2, Benedito Donizeti Botan-Neto1

  • 1Departamento de Física Aplicada-ICMUV, MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de València, Valencia 46100, Spain. David.Santamaria@uv.es.

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PubMed
Summary

Huntite, a calcium magnesium carbonate, transforms to a new phase (huntite II) above 21 GPa. This study reveals its high-pressure structural behavior and deep carbon storage implications.

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Area of Science:

  • Mineral Physics
  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Magnesium and calcium carbonate minerals are key to Earth's carbon cycle and deep carbon storage.
  • Huntite (Mg3Ca(CO3)4) is a less dense calcium magnesium carbonate compared to dolomite.
  • Understanding huntite's behavior under pressure is crucial for deep carbon storage mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the high-pressure behavior of natural huntite up to 38 GPa.
  • To determine structural changes and phase transitions in huntite under compression.
  • To provide insights into the deep carbon storage potential of calcium magnesium carbonates.

Main Methods:

  • Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy experiments.
  • Compression of huntite in a diamond-anvil cell with helium as a hydrostatic medium.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to complement experimental findings.

Main Results:

  • The initial huntite structure (R32) is stable up to 21 GPa, with structural defects appearing from 10 GPa.
  • Huntite transforms into a new trigonal phase (huntite II, R3) at 21 GPa, persisting up to 38 GPa.
  • The transition involves tilting of carbonate units and changes in calcium coordination from 6 to 9.

Conclusions:

  • Huntite undergoes a significant structural transformation at high pressures, forming huntite II.
  • The study provides critical data on the compressibility and phase stability of huntite.
  • Findings contribute to understanding deep carbon storage in Earth's mantle.