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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Apoptosis in Cancer Biology and Therapy.

Allison Moyer1,2, Kosuke Tanaka3,4, Emily H Cheng1,5,6

  • 1Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA;

Annual Review of Pathology
|January 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is crucial in cancer research. Understanding its mechanisms helps develop new cancer therapies, including targeted drugs and immunotherapies, to combat tumor cell evasion of cell death.

Keywords:
BCL-2 familyBH3 mimeticsapoptosiscancerimmunogenic cell deathtargeted cancer therapy

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Enhancement of Apoptotic and Autophagic Induction by a Novel Synthetic C-1 Analogue of 7-deoxypancratistatin in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma and Neuroblastoma Cells with Tamoxifen
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Death Research

Background:

  • Apoptosis (programmed cell death) has been studied for over 50 years.
  • Cancer cells exploit apoptosis pathways to evade cell death.
  • Apoptosis mechanisms are key to understanding cancer progression and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate link between apoptosis and cancer.
  • To highlight how understanding apoptosis aids cancer therapy development.
  • To emphasize the importance of apoptosis research in the context of immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent scientific literature on apoptosis and cancer.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of apoptosis evasion by cancer cells.
  • Examination of therapeutic strategies targeting apoptosis pathways.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of molecular mechanisms reveals how cancer cells evade apoptosis.
  • Most anticancer therapeutics leverage apoptosis pathways for tumor cell death.
  • Development of targeted therapies, like BCL-2 inhibitors (e.g., venetoclax), approved by FDA.

Conclusions:

  • Deepened understanding of apoptosis is vital for advancing cancer treatment.
  • Targeting apoptosis pathways offers effective strategies against cancer.
  • Further research into apoptosis is critical, especially for optimizing immunotherapy.