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The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

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Published on: August 24, 2017

Aberrant auditory prediction patterns robustly characterize tinnitus.

Lisa Reisinger¹, Gianpaolo Demarchi¹, Jonas Obleser^2,3

¹Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.

|January 24, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with tinnitus show different anticipatory auditory prediction patterns compared to controls. This finding, observed in two magnetoencephalography studies, suggests altered predictive processing in tinnitus.

Keywords:

auditory cortex hearing loss human neuroscience tinnitus

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Auditory Perception
Psychology

Background:

Tinnitus, phantom auditory perception, lacks clear understanding of its mechanisms.
The traditional neural hyperactivity model faces limitations in human studies.
Predictive coding offers a parsimonious framework for tinnitus research.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate neural differences in auditory prediction between individuals with and without tinnitus.
To test the predictive coding framework in explaining tinnitus-related neural aberrations.
To replicate and validate findings on tinnitus and auditory predictions.

Main Methods:

Two independent magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies were conducted.
Participants listened to auditory stimuli with varying predictability.
Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) was used to analyze neural representations.

Main Results:

A robust group difference in neural representation of upcoming stimuli was identified before their onset.
Individuals with tinnitus demonstrated distinct anticipatory auditory prediction patterns.
Findings were consistent across two independent, well-controlled studies.

Conclusions:

Tinnitus is associated with altered anticipatory auditory prediction processes.
The predictive coding framework provides a viable model for understanding tinnitus.
Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the neurocognitive mechanisms and causal role of altered predictions in tinnitus.