Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Self-Concept01:19

Self-Concept

20
Self-concept is the cognitive and emotional understanding individuals hold about their identity. It evolves through various developmental stages, beginning in infancy and maturing as children grow. This concept influences how individuals perceive their abilities, interact with others, and manage challenges throughout life.
Infancy and Emerging Recognition
During infancy, self-concept is virtually nonexistent. Babies do not distinguish themselves as separate entities and often mistake their...
20
Socioemotional Development during Infancy01:30

Socioemotional Development during Infancy

35
Socio-emotional development in infancy is primarily shaped by early emotional responses and social connections, with temperament playing a central role. Temperament refers to the consistent patterns in an individual's emotional and behavioral responses, observable even in infancy. By examining temperament, researchers can better understand an infant's unique ways of interacting with the world, influencing subsequent personality and socio-emotional growth.
Primary Temperament Types
35
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

49.6K
According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
49.6K
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

5.2K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
5.2K
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

22
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
22
Self-Schemas02:16

Self-Schemas

30.9K
In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
30.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Variability in medial prefrontal cortex responses to smiles in human infants is linked to genetic variation in the oxytocin system.

Social neuroscience·2026
Same author

Rethinking Neanderthal-human divergence.

Trends in cognitive sciences·2026
Same author

The evolution and development of infant social relationship reasoning: a Tinbergenian analysis.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same author

Predicting Positive Affect in Infancy.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

Bidirectional relations between the maternal and infant gut microbiome and behavior.

Pediatric research·2025
Same author

Social Smiling and Laughter Are Linked to Enhanced Functional Brain Connectivity in Young Infants' Default Mode Network.

Developmental psychobiology·2025
Same journal

Dissecting first-episode psychosis heterogeneity with clustering analyses: a systematic review.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Irisin and anxiety-like behaviors: Mechanistic integration of peripheral-central crosstalk, neuroinflammation and neural plasticity.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Efficacy of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer's Disease: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Rhythms of interaction - the timescales of social coordination and why they matter.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Neural Bases of Memory Development: Insights from Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Regional heterogeneity of brain insulin resistance: From molecular pathways to neural circuits.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2025

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG
08:20

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Published on: May 3, 2017

7.7K

The social self in the developing brain.

Tobias Grossmann1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, USA.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|January 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The social self emerges early in infancy, supported by developing brain networks crucial for social cognition. This challenges traditional views, suggesting social interdependence shaped early self-awareness and the human mind.

Keywords:
InfancyMedial prefrontal cortexNeuroimagingSelfSocial Cognition

More Related Videos

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants
11:14

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Published on: October 4, 2015

10.9K
Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions
10:45

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

Published on: July 6, 2011

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2025

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG
08:20

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Published on: May 3, 2017

7.7K
A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants
11:14

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Published on: October 4, 2015

10.9K
Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions
10:45

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

Published on: July 6, 2011

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Psychology

Background:

  • The concept of the self as inherently social is well-established.
  • Early development of the social self and its neural underpinnings in infancy remains under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize neuroimaging research on infant social self-development.
  • To propose the Social Self First Hypothesis (SSFH) integrating developmental and evolutionary perspectives.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of existing neuroimaging studies on infant self-processing and social cognition.
  • Review of research on the early emergence of the default-mode network (DMN).

Main Results:

  • Infants utilize brain systems for self-processing and social cognition during social interactions.
  • The default-mode network (DMN) shows early emergence and social dependency in infancy.
  • This contrasts with the later emergence of the conceptual self (around 18-24 months).

Conclusions:

  • The Social Self First Hypothesis (SSFH) posits early ontogenetic emergence of the social self and its brain basis.
  • Early social self-development is foundational to human cognitive evolution.
  • Social interdependence played a primary role in shaping the human mind.