Amoebas: the omnipotent organism and silent assassin

Amoebas are characterized by their unique ability to exist both as free-living organisms and, occasionally, as parasites within host tissues, earning them the designation 'amphizoic amoebae'. While amoebic infections are less prevalent, their health impact can be tremendous, leading to several diseases. In low-income countries, poor sanitation and socioeconomic conditions significantly increase the risk of amoebic infections, particularly E. histolytica, which affects up to 50 million people and causes over 100,000 deaths each year. Diagnostic methods, including microscopy, serological tests, polymerase chain reaction, and the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay, have improved the accuracy and timeliness of amoeba diagnosis. However, these methodologies are often cost-prohibitive for developing countries. Conversely, current treatments involve aggressive protocols using antibiotics, antifungals, and anticancer agents. However, the prognosis for severe infections such as Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis and Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis remains poor. Despite advancements, effective treatments, and new low-cost therapeutic options are still being researched. Thus, the current review sought to provide a description of molecular aspects such as amoeba virulence factors and invasion processes, focusing on recent advances in the detection, identification, and treatment of associated diseases.