Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on phagocytic functions

Although a number of skin diseases are characterized by the presence of an increased number of phagocytes in their lesions, the effects of alcohol on phagocytic functions are not clearly understood. Therefore, we measured the influence of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the generation of oxygen radicals, chemotaxis and the release of lysosomal enzymes from human phagocytes. We added 0.03%-3% ethanol and 0.005%-0.25% acetaldehyde to cell cultures. We found that both ethanol and acetaldehyde suppressed the generation of oxygen radicals from granulocytes and monocytes; the ID50 was achieved at concentrations of approximately 0.25% for ethanol and 0.03% for acetaldehyde. A significant inhibition of granulocyte chemotaxis was first noted with 0.063% ethanol and 0.016% acetaldehyde. Ethanol and acetaldehyde inhibited the release of the lysozyme of monocytes at concentrations of greater than 0.75% and greater than 0.03% respectively, but granulocytes were unaffected; the release of beta-glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase remained stable. Due to the high volatility of the agents, especially acetaldehyde, under the experimental procedures employed, the actual concentrations of the agents were probably lower and similar to those measured in vivo. Our results indicate that defined phagocytic functions are strongly inhibited by concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde which are associated with moderate to severe inebriation.