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The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
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County-Level Food Insecurity and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

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Food insecurity (FI) is linked to increased hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk, particularly in younger individuals. Addressing FI may help reduce HCC incidence in at-risk populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Food insecurity (FI) is a known risk factor for several diseases.
  • Limited research has explored the direct association between FI and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between county-level food insecurity and the risk of developing HCC.
  • To determine if age modifies the relationship between FI and HCC risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 21 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries (2018-2021).
  • County-level FI rates were obtained from Feeding America's Map the Meal Gap.
  • Multi-level Poisson regression models were employed to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs).

Main Results:

  • A one-SD increase in county-level FI was associated with an 8% increase in HCC risk.
  • This association was more pronounced in individuals younger than 65 (15% increase) compared to those 65 and older (2% increase).
  • The interaction between FI and age group was statistically significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • County-level food insecurity is significantly associated with increased HCC risk.
  • Younger individuals (<65) appear to be more vulnerable to the HCC risk associated with FI.
  • Findings suggest a need for interventions addressing FI in HCC prevention strategies.