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Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Insufficiency, and Inflammatory Pathways in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for

John Dawi1, Yura Misakyan1, Stephen Affa2

  • 1College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.

Biomedicines
|January 25, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Type 2 diabetes involves oxidative stress and low glutathione (GSH). Vitamin D3 may boost GSH and reduce inflammation, offering a dual approach to manage this complex condition.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to oxidative stress from imbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses.
  • This imbalance causes insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and organ complications.
  • Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in T2DM worsen oxidative stress and inflammation, exacerbated by elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interplay of oxidative stress, GSH, and IL-6 in T2DM.
  • To explore the potential of GSH and Vitamin D3 as a dual-action therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on T2DM, oxidative stress, GSH, IL-6, and Vitamin D3.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms linking these factors in T2DM pathology.

Main Results:

  • T2DM is characterized by increased ROS production and diminished antioxidant capacity, particularly low GSH levels.
  • Elevated IL-6 contributes to inflammation and oxidative stress, impairing insulin signaling and worsening T2DM complications.
  • Vitamin D3 demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects and promotes GSH synthesis, suggesting a synergistic therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted therapies addressing oxidative stress and inflammation are crucial for T2DM management.
  • Supplementation with GSH and Vitamin D3 may offer a promising dual-action strategy to mitigate T2DM pathology.
  • Further research is needed to validate the clinical efficacy of this combined approach in preventing T2DM complications.
Keywords:
GSHIL-6ROST2DMVitamin D3β-cells

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