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Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Ongoing Challenges in Care

Simone Foti Randazzese1, Mariarosaria La Rocca1, Bruno Bombaci1

  • 1Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 25, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a severe complication in children with type 1 diabetes. Prevention strategies are key to reducing its incidence and improving outcomes for pediatric patients.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Diabetes Management

Background:

  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a critical acute complication in pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  • DKA significantly impacts morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in children and adolescents.
  • Understanding DKA's complexities is vital for effective pediatric diabetes care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review severe diabetic ketoacidosis in pediatric populations.
  • To explore epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and complications of DKA.
  • To highlight advancements in DKA prevention strategies for children and adolescents.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of existing literature on severe diabetic ketoacidosis in pediatric patients.
  • It synthesizes information on DKA's incidence, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks.
  • Focus is placed on current guidelines and emerging prevention approaches.

Main Results:

  • DKA incidence varies globally, influenced by diverse factors.
  • Pathogenesis involves insulin deficiency and hormonal imbalance, leading to metabolic derangement.
  • Severe DKA, defined by specific pH/bicarbonate levels, carries life-threatening risks, notably cerebral edema.

Conclusions:

  • Effective prevention of severe DKA in pediatric T1D requires multifaceted strategies.
  • Key interventions include awareness, early diagnosis, consistent management, and patient education.
  • Technological advancements and healthcare access are crucial for reducing DKA episodes.

Keywords:
complicationsincidenceintensive care unitpediatricspreventionrisk factors

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