Long-Term Oro-Dental Effects of Chemotherapy in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Study and a Proposed Oral Care Protocol

Background: Chemotherapy (CMT) in children can disrupt dental development and calcification, causing long-term dental issues, but good dental care and habits can help improve quality of life. This case report examines permanent dental disturbances in a 7-year, 4-month-old girl undergoing CMT, explores the histology of microdontia, and outlines an oral treatment plan for CMT management. Methods: Clinical examination revealed microdontia and a groove crossing the cervical area (chronological hypoplasia), which were assessed using panoramic radiographs and histological analysis. The patient was monitored for five years, and microdontia was extracted for orthodontic reasons. A tailored treatment plan was implemented to maintain oral health during CMT. Results: Clinical and radiographic findings indicated tooth agenesis, rudimentary form, chronological hypoplasia, and microdontia. Histological analysis showed reduced odontoblast counts, abnormal dentinal tubules, thinner pre-dentin, and interglobular dentin (hypocalcification) surrounded by globular dentin (normal calcification). CMT-related microdontia caused inflammation with dilated blood vessels in the pulp. A high fever during CMT led to a groove in the enamel of all teeth, presenting as chronological hypoplasia. No new dental caries was observed over the follow-up. Conclusions: This report highlights long-term dental disturbances from CMT in permanent dentition and associated histopathological changes. It proposes an oral care protocol for managing these issues. Maintaining oral hygiene and preventing caries during the five-year follow-up reduced CMT side effects and improved the quality of the patient's life.