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Updated: May 10, 2026

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Published on: June 29, 2013
Utero-placental adaptations in response to intrauterine growth restriction in swine
Morgan S Clemens1, Maria F Tyree1, Claire Stenhouse1
1Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
Abstract:
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common condition in swine associated with high piglet mortality and morbidity that develops in early gestation. This review article explores differences in uterine and placental tissues associated with IUGR fetuses compared to their normally-grown littermates at different stages of gestation. Specifically, we will review the available knowledge to date describing differences in 1) structure, 2) cellular apoptosis and proliferation, 3) adhesion, and 4) angiogenesis in endometrial and placental tissues associated with IUGR fetuses across gestation. Improved understanding of the mechanisms regulating IUGR is essential for the development of strategies to minimize the impact of IUGR in swine operations, thus improving reproductive efficiency and animal welfare.
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