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Related Concept Videos

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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
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Long-Term Memory01:18

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Interference and Decay01:16

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Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2025

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

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Published on: May 16, 2017

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Semantic memory space becomes denser with age.

Rebecca A Cutler1, Soroush Mirjalili1, Priscilla Pham1

  • 1University of Texas at Austin, 110 Inner Campus Drive, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.

Neuropsychologia
|January 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults show slower semantic retrieval due to accumulated knowledge, suggesting a denser semantic memory space. This impacts how efficiently concepts and facts are accessed with age.

Keywords:
AgingERP (event-related potential)N400Semantic memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Semantic memory stores concepts and factual knowledge, crucial for learning.
  • Age-related knowledge accumulation may alter semantic memory structure and retrieval efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how age-related knowledge accumulation impacts semantic cognition.
  • To determine if a denser semantic representational space affects retrieval processes in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • A semantic feature verification task was used in young and older adults.
  • Behavioral measures (reaction time; RT) and neurophysiological measures (event-related potential; ERP) were employed.

Main Results:

  • Older adults exhibited slower reaction times for semantically incongruent features, indicating increased search demands.
  • Attenuated N400 responses in older adults for congruent features suggest enhanced semantic relatedness.
  • A sustained late frontal effect (LFE) in older adults points to increased post-retrieval monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Aging leads to a more densely packed semantic space, increasing the number of features to evaluate.
  • This denser semantic space impacts the speed and dynamics of semantic retrieval in older adults.
  • Cognitive aging involves adaptive strategies for navigating an expanded knowledge base.