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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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Adhesion-driven vesicle translocation through membrane-covered pores.

Nishant Baruah1, Jiarul Midya2, Gerhard Gompper1

  • 1Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.

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Summary

This study models how vesicles cross pores, finding that membrane properties and pore size significantly impact translocation. Understanding these dynamics can inform strategies against parasitic infections and improve drug delivery.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Translocation across biological barriers is crucial for cellular processes and drug delivery.
  • Apicomplexan parasites utilize pore-like structures for host cell invasion.
  • Lipid vesicles are employed for transdermal drug delivery, requiring barrier penetration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biophysical mechanisms governing vesicle translocation through pores.
  • To model the energy landscape of vesicle-pore interactions and translocation barriers.
  • To explore how vesicle and pore properties influence translocation efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized triangulated membranes and energy minimization techniques.
  • Simulated translocation of vesicles through pores of fixed radii.
  • Analyzed the role of adhesion energy, vesicle deformation, and membrane bending rigidity.

Main Results:

  • Vesicle adhesion to the pore-spanning membrane drives translocation, but vesicle deformation creates an energy barrier.
  • Increased membrane bending rigidity and decreased pore size elevate the translocation barrier.
  • Prolate vesicles with fixed area and volume showed suppressed translocation compared to spherical vesicles.

Conclusions:

  • Vesicle translocation is governed by a balance between adhesion energy gain and deformation energy cost.
  • Membrane properties and pore geometry are critical determinants of translocation success.
  • Findings offer insights into apicomplexan parasite invasion and can guide lipid vesicle-based drug delivery system design.