The Effects of Cosmic Radiation Exposure on Pregnancy During a Probable Manned Mission to Mars

Space missions have revealed certain disincentive factors of this unique environment, such as microgravity, cosmic radiation, etc., as the aerospace industry has made substantial progress in exploring deep space and its impacts on human body. Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), a form of ionizing radiation, is one of those environmental factors that has potential health implications and, as a result, may limit the duration - and possibly the occurrence - of deep-space missions. High doses of cosmic radiation exposure during spaceflight, particularly during exploration class missions, may have teratogenic effects on a developing fetus, if an unintended pregnancy occurs shortly before or during the flight. This study aimed to discuss whether the cumulative dosage for a pregnant woman during a probable manned mission to Mars may exceed the terrestrial teratogenic radiation limit. A variety of studies, technical documents, and publications that provided flight duration data and the absorbed cosmic radiation dosage equivalents between Earth and Mars were analyzed. A literature-based hypothetical model of a pregnancy simulation over a 6-month spaceflight was also designed to estimate the cumulative absorbed GCR dose. The estimated dose rates ranged from 90 to 324 mSv. Assuming that a pregnant crew member is exposed to this dosage range, the total teratogenic dose equivalent to the embryo/fetus appear to be significantly higher than that of the National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP)'s and United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC)'s recommendations, which state a maximum radiation dose of 5 mSv for the duration of the pregnancy, and thus such an exceeded dose may likely result in teratogenesis. Current protective strategies may not be sufficient to protect the human genome from the detrimental effects of cosmic radiation, and they need be improved for long-term interplanetary travels during human colonization of Mars.