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Fluoride Exposure Modulates Skeletal Development and Mineralization in Zebrafish Larvae.

Harsheema Ottappilakkil1, Ekambaram Perumal1

  • 1Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Environmental Toxicology
|January 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Excessive fluoride exposure in zebrafish embryos impacts bone development and mineralization. Low fluoride doses enhanced bone markers, while high doses disrupted osteogenesis and cartilage development, indicating fluoride toxicity.

Keywords:
chondrogenesisfluoride toxicitymineralizationosteogenesiszebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Toxicology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • High fluoride levels in groundwater pose a global health concern, potentially leading to fluorosis and toxicity.
  • While fluoride is essential, excessive intake disrupts hard tissue formation, affecting bone metabolism and mineral homeostasis.
  • The impact of fluoride on early osteogenesis remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of fluoride exposure on osteogenic differentiation, bone development, and mineralization in zebrafish.
  • To elucidate the dose-dependent impact of fluoride on skeletal development and related gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Zebrafish embryos were exposed to low (25 ppm NaF) and moderately high (50 ppm NaF) fluoride doses until 7 days postfertilization.
  • Fluoride content, mineralization (Alizarin Red, ALP staining), cartilage morphology (Alcian blue), and gene expression of bone/cartilage markers were analyzed.
  • Biochemical assays for alkaline phosphatase activity and hydroxyproline content were performed.

Main Results:

  • Fluoride exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in larval fluoride content.
  • Enhanced mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity were observed in fluoride-exposed groups.
  • Altered pharyngeal cartilage morphology and differential gene expression of osteogenic markers were noted, with low-dose enhancement and high-dose disruption.

Conclusions:

  • Fluoride exposure significantly impacts osteogenic differentiation, bone development, and mineralization in zebrafish larvae.
  • Low fluoride doses may enhance certain bone formation markers, while higher doses induce toxicity, affecting cartilage and bone metabolism.
  • Zebrafish serve as a valuable model for understanding fluoride's complex effects on skeletal development.