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Updated: May 30, 2025

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Intergenerational impacts of racial discrimination on child executive functioning problems.

Nia R Barbee1, Anne L Dunlop2, Elizabeth Corwin3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

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Summary

Maternal racial discrimination and gendered racial stress negatively impact child executive functioning. Lower income exacerbated this link, while higher education and income amplified the stress-executive function connection.

Keywords:
DiscriminaciónDiscriminationDiskriminierungExekutivfunktionenRisikodiscriminationexecutive functioningfacteur protecteurfactor de protecciónfonctionnement exécutiffunción ejecutivaintergeneracionalintergenerationalintergénérationnelprotectiveprotektivriesgoriskrisqueالتمييز، بين الأجيال، الأداء التنفيذي، المخاطر، الحماية差別、世代間、実行機能、リスク、保護的歧视, 代际, 执行功能, 风险, 保护

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Maternal experiences of racial discrimination and gendered racial stress are significant public health concerns.
  • Understanding the intergenerational impact of these stressors on child development is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between maternal experiences of discrimination (EOD) and gendered racial stress and offspring executive functioning.
  • To examine the moderating roles of maternal education, income, and social support.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 266 Black mother-child pairs in the United States.
  • Assessment from pregnancy through child age of 4 years.
  • Utilized executive functioning assessments and self-report measures for maternal stressors and moderators.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed an intergenerational association: higher maternal EOD and gendered racial stress correlated with lower child executive functioning.
  • Income significantly moderated the association between lifetime discrimination and child executive functioning (stronger at lower incomes).
  • Higher maternal education and income amplified the association between prenatal gendered racial stress and lower child executive functioning.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal racial discrimination and gendered racial stress have lasting impacts on child executive functioning.
  • Socioeconomic factors like income and education play complex moderating roles.
  • Further research is needed to explore protective factors and targeted interventions.