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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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Intraspecific gene regulation in cis- and trans.

Sylvia M Durkin1, Michael W Nachman1

  • 1Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|January 27, 2025
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Summary

Contrary to common belief, cis-acting mutations significantly influence gene expression variation within species, not just between them. Research suggests whole-organism studies may overemphasize trans-regulation, impacting evolutionary insights.

Keywords:
cistransgene regulationintraspecific variation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Gene expression changes drive evolution through cis-acting (nearby) or trans-acting (distant) mutations.
  • A prevailing hypothesis suggests trans-regulation dominates within-species variation, while cis-regulation explains between-species differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on intraspecific gene regulation.
  • To challenge the common view on the roles of cis- and trans-acting mutations in within-species gene expression variation.
  • To identify potential biases in research methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of intraspecific gene regulation studies across diverse taxa.
  • Analysis of existing research methodologies and their potential impact on findings.
  • Examination of case studies involving cis-acting regulation in adapted populations.

Main Results:

  • Many studies reveal a substantial role for cis-acting mutations in within-species gene expression variation, contradicting the prevailing hypothesis.
  • Whole-organism studies, compared to tissue-specific analyses, may exhibit a bias towards identifying trans-regulation.
  • Examples of predominantly cis-acting regulation are observed in recently diverged, environmentally adapted populations.

Conclusions:

  • The dichotomy between cis- and trans-regulation in intra- vs. interspecific variation may be an oversimplification.
  • Methodological choices, particularly the use of whole organisms versus specific tissues, can influence the perceived contribution of trans-regulation.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the evolution of gene regulation, considering diverse methodologies and specific adaptive contexts.