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Quaternary Radiation of Spring Ephemerals.

Soichi Osozawa1, Cunio Nackejima2

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Summary

East Asian spring ephemerals diversified through adaptive radiation around 1.55 million years ago, driven by environmental changes. This contrasts with vicariance, highlighting evolutionary responses to geological events.

Keywords:
AsarumBEAST v1.10.4PopART version 1.7Violaadaptive radiationclimatic changespring ephemeralsvicariance

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
  • Phylogenetics and Molecular Evolution
  • Paleogeography and Quaternary Geology

Background:

  • East Asian spring ephemerals inhabit unique ecosystems, with their emergence historically attributed to vicariance from Quaternary geological events.
  • Northern Japanese forests, featuring Fagus crenata and Quercus crispula, host diverse spring ephemerals like Erythronium japonicum and the genus Asarum.
  • Understanding the evolutionary drivers of these species is crucial for comprehending East Asian biodiversity patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phylogenetic relationships and diversification timing of East Asian spring ephemerals, focusing on the genus Asarum.
  • To determine whether vicariance or adaptive radiation best explains the evolutionary history of these species.
  • To correlate speciation events with paleogeographical changes, particularly the formation of the East China Sea.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using haplotype network construction with PopART (version 1.7).
  • Molecular dating was performed using BEAST (v1.10.4) with Quaternary geological event (1.55 ± 0.15 Ma) and pre-Quaternary fossil calibrations.
  • Comparative analysis of species distribution and adaptations (e.g., to heavy snowfall) was performed.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic analyses suggest a simultaneous splitting and diversification event for spring ephemerals around 1.55 million years ago during the Quaternary period.
  • Adaptive radiation is proposed as the primary driver of differentiation, supported by partially sympatric distributions and island occurrences.
  • Species like Asarum megacalyx and Fagus crenata show adaptations to heavy snowfall, consistent with radiation in response to environmental changes.

Conclusions:

  • The diversification of East Asian spring ephemerals is more likely attributed to adaptive radiation, triggered by environmental shifts associated with the East China Sea's formation.
  • This evolutionary pattern parallels diversification observed in North American and European spring ephemerals responding to Quaternary climate changes.
  • The study underscores the role of geological and climatic events in shaping plant evolutionary trajectories in East Asia.