Cortical Response to Acute Implantation of the Utah Optrode Array in Macaque Cortex

Optogenetics has transformed the study of neural circuit function, but limitations in its application to species with large brains, such as non-human primates (NHPs), remain. A major challenge in NHP optogenetics is delivering light to sufficiently large volumes of deep neural tissue with high spatiotemporal precision, without simultaneously affecting superficial tissue. To overcome these limitations, we recently developed and tested in vivo in NHP cortex, the Utah Optrode Array (UOA). This is a 10×10 array of penetrating glass shanks, tiling a 4×4mm ² area, bonded to interleaved needle-aligned and interstitial µLED arrays, which allows for independent photostimulation of deep and superficial brain tissue. Here, we investigate the acute biological response to UOA implantation in NHP cortex, with the goal of optimizing device design for reduced insertion trauma and subsequent chronic response. To this goal, we systematically vary UOA shank diameter, surface texture, tip geometry, and insertion pressure, and assess their effects on astrocytes, microglia, and neuronal viability, following acute implantation. We find that UOAs with shanks of smaller diameter, smooth surface texture and round tips cause the least damage. Higher insertion pressures have limited effects on the inflammatory response, but lead to greater tissue compression. Our results highlight the importance of balancing shank diameter, tip geometry, and insertion pressure in UOA design for preserving tissue integrity and improving long-term UOA performance and biocompatibility.