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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

13.0K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
13.4K
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

4.3K
Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

6.2K
Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2025

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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Epigenetic Modifications in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Xiaoqing Tan1,2, Linting Xun3, Qi Yin1,4

  • 1Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
|January 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic alterations in Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) involve modifications to HBV cccDNA minichromosomes and host factors, impacting cancer progression. Understanding these reversible changes offers new therapeutic strategies for HBV-HCC.

Keywords:
cccDNAepigenetic regulationhistone modificationhost chromosome

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Global Level Quantification of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Hepatic Tissue
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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer, with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) being a major causative agent.
  • HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) forms minichromosomes in hepatocytes, influenced by host and viral proteins.
  • Epigenetic alterations dynamically regulate gene expression and are crucial in HCC development and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC).
  • To elucidate how epigenetic modifications affect HBV cccDNA replication/transcription and host gene expression.
  • To highlight the role of epigenetics in HBV-HCC pathogenesis and progression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on epigenetic mechanisms in HBV-HCC.
  • Analysis of histone and non-histone modifications.
  • Examination of DNA methylation and non-coding RNA modifications.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic alterations, including post-translational modifications, DNA methylation changes, and non-coding RNA effects, are key in HBV-HCC.
  • These modifications impact the transcription of HBV cccDNA and host genes.
  • Deregulation of these epigenetic processes drives HBV-HCC onset and progression.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of HBV-HCC.
  • Targeting epigenetic modifications offers potential for novel therapeutic interventions.
  • Further research into epigenetic regulation can lead to improved control of HBV-HCC.