The diffusible signaling factor family in microbial signaling: a current perspective

This review discusses the chemical properties, synthesis and detection, and biological functions of a molecular group of cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids, containing fatty acid carbon chains of various lengths and cis double-bond configurations, known as the diffusible signaling factor family (DSFF). Early postulation of the conserved nature of the DSFF among Gram-negative bacteria have now been challenged by the latest evidences that unraveled their presence in a various other distinct microorganisms. Over the last decade, a significant depth and breadth of understanding has been made on the multifaceted functions of DSFFs among bacteria, and their interactions with evolutionarily divergent fungi, plants insects and small animals. While the knowledge of the chemical nature and functions of DSFF within microbial systems is still developing, DSFF molecules such as BDSF, DSF, and SDSF have been found to modulate microbial virulence, cell adhesion, biofilm formation and dispersion, cell motility, and antimicrobial tolerance. Given their capacity to influence microbial ecosystems and the rapid emergence of novel DSFF-like molecules, it is critical to identify the full spectrum of DSFF members and to better understand the functions of this complex messenger system as they offer significant potential to be exploited in the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat the rising global healthcare threat of antimicrobial resistance. This narrative review therefore provides a broad picture of the DSFF quorum sensing with a core foundation built from seminal literature while highlighting the latest developments in the field.