Advances in lacrimal gland organoid development: Techniques and therapeutic applications

The human lacrimal gland (LG), located above the outer orbital region within the frontal bone socket, is essential in maintaining eye surface health and lubrication. It is firmly anchored to the orbital periosteum by the connective tissue, and it is vital for protecting and lubricating the eye by secreting lacrimal fluid. Disruption in the production, composition, or secretion of lacrimal fluid can lead to dry eye syndrome, a condition characterized by ocular discomfort and potential eye surface damage. This review explores the recent advancements in LG organoid generation using tissues and stem cells, highlighting cutting-edge techniques in biomaterial-based and scaffold-free technologies. Additionally, we shed light on the complex pathophysiology of LG dysfunction, providing insights into the LG physiological roles while identifying strategies for generating LG organoids and exploring their potential clinical applications. Alterations in LG morphology or secretory function can affect the tear film stability and quality, leading to various ocular pathological conditions. This comprehensive review underlines the critical crosslink of LG organoid development with disease modeling and drug screening, underscoring their potential for advancing therapeutic applications.