rTMS improves cognitive function and its real-time and cumulative effect on neuronal excitability in aged mice

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is acknowledged for its critical role in modulating neuronal excitability and enhancing cognitive function. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is closely linked to cognitive processes; however, the precise mechanisms by which changes in its excitability influence cognition are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate the effects on granule cell excitability and the effects on cognition of high-frequency rTMS in naturally aging mice, as well as to investigate the potential interactions between these two factors. It was observed that 20 Hz high-frequency rTMS attenuated granule cell loss in aged mice, demonstrating both cumulative and real-time effects on neural excitability. Importantly, this intervention significantly ameliorated age-related cognitive decline. The findings suggest that one of the potential mechanisms underlying the amelioration of age-related cognitive decline through high-frequency rTMS may involve the attenuation of granule cell apoptosis and the enhancement of their neural excitability.