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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Metabolic reprogramming in inflammaging and aging in T cells.

Alessio Bevilacqua1,2, Ping-Chih Ho1,2, Fabien Franco1,2

  • 1Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Life Metabolism
|January 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Aging impairs immune responses and tissue health. This review explores how T cell metabolism changes with age, contributing to chronic inflammation (inflammaging), and discusses metabolic interventions to combat aging.

Keywords:
T cellsimmunometabolisminflammaging

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Metabolic Science

Background:

  • Aging leads to decreased immunity, reduced vaccine effectiveness, and disrupted tissue balance.
  • Metabolic changes are key features of aging at cellular and systemic levels.
  • Cellular metabolism influences immune cell function through signaling and epigenetic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of aging on T cell metabolic programming.
  • To examine how aged T cells contribute to inflammaging.
  • To discuss metabolic strategies for mitigating immune aging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on aging, T cell metabolism, and inflammaging.
  • Analysis of the interplay between metabolic reprogramming and immune senescence.
  • Exploration of therapeutic targets in immune cell metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Aging significantly alters the metabolic profile of T cells.
  • Aged T cells promote chronic, low-grade inflammation (inflammaging).
  • Dysregulated T cell metabolism is a driver of age-related immune dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • T cell metabolic reprogramming is central to the aging process and inflammaging.
  • Targeting metabolic pathways in immune cells offers potential for therapeutic intervention.
  • Reversing metabolic alterations may restore immune function in aged individuals.