Decoding the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Fight against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), a leading infectious disease caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, poses a significant treatment challenge due to its unique characteristics and resistance to existing drugs. The conventional treatment regimens, which are lengthy and involve multiple drugs, often result in poor patient adherence and subsequent drug resistance, particularly with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. This highlights the urgent need for novel anti-TB therapies and new drug targets. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are natural host defense molecules present in all living organisms, offer a promising alternative to traditional small-molecule drugs. AMPs have several advantages, including their broad-spectrum activity and the potential to circumvent existing resistance mechanisms. However, their clinical application faces challenges such as stability, delivery, and potential toxicity. This review aims to provide essential information on AMPs, including their sources, classification, mode of action, induction within the host under stress, efficacy against M. tuberculosis, clinical status and hurdles to their use. It also highlights future research directions to address these challenges and advance the development of AMP-based therapies for TB.