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Updated: May 30, 2025

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test
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Identity as a resource or a demand.

Karishma K Singh1, Andrew J Elliot1, Elizabeth D Handley1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America.

Plos One
|January 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Social identities can be viewed as resources or demands, impacting well-being. Appraising ethnic-racial identity as a resource improves outcomes, while viewing it as a demand increases distress and negative social experiences.

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Area of Science:

  • Social psychology
  • Psychological stress
  • Identity research

Background:

  • Social identities influence interactions with the environment.
  • Stigma theories posit marginalized groups face stress due to devalued identities.
  • Identity appraisals can be resources or demands, affecting stress and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop and validate a measure for social identity appraisals (resource vs. demand).
  • Examine the relationship between identity appraisals and self/intergroup outcomes.
  • Investigate group differences in ethnic-racial identity appraisals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the biopsychosocial (BPS) model of challenge and threat.
  • Employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM).
  • Conducted two studies with diverse samples (N=575 and N=743 Black/White Americans).

Main Results:

  • A novel measure confirmed resource and demand appraisal factors for social identities.
  • Appraising ethnic-racial identity as a resource improved outcomes; as a demand worsened them.
  • Black Americans appraised ethnic-racial identity as more demanding than White Americans, leading to worse outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Social identity appraisals are crucial for understanding stress and well-being.
  • The developed measure offers a valuable tool for identity and stress research.
  • Findings highlight disparities in ethnic-racial identity experiences and their impact on Black Americans.